Eagle International Journal of Research, Innovation and Health Sciences (EIJRIHS) is a multidisciplinary, open‑access, peer‑reviewed journal publshed by Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation, that seeks to expand knowledge, promote innovation, and strengthen leadership across all areas of human endeavour. The journal reflects the vision of Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation to raise the next generation of global leaders and problem‑solvers through strategic research, creativity, and practical innovation in academia, industry, and government. We publish original research articles, scholarly reviews, and innovation‑oriented papers that respond to pressing challenges in health sciences, biomedical sciences, social sciences, education, management sciences, technology, policy, humanities and other applied fields. The journal encourages submissions that combine solid methodology, fresh perspectives, and noticeable impact, with a clear focus on interdisciplinary and practice‑based approaches. Our key coverage areas include, but are not limited to: Clinical, public, and community health sciences Biomedical, laboratory, and life‑sciences research Health‑systems management, policy, and health‑economics Health‑sciences education, teaching methods, and digital learning innovations Social sciences, psychology, and management sciences Technology, engineering, and data‑science applications in health and human development Agricultural sciences and pure sciences Environmental, agricultural, and occupational health with broader societal relevance Research methods, innovation frameworks, and evidence‑based practice We aim to build a global network of scholars, practitioners, and decision‑makers who work together to address practical problems and support equitable, sustainable development across all domains of human life by linking research, innovation, and real‑world practice,
Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation
Financial Intermediation and Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment in Nigeria: An Application of Ordinary Least Square Methods
Section: Articles Keywords: Financial Intermediation, Foreign Direct Investment, Nigeria, Ordinary Least Square Methods This study examined the relationship between financial intermediation and inflow of foreign direct investment in Nigeria. Time series data were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. Foreign direct investment was modeled as the function of private sector credit, core private sector credit, deposit mobilization and interest rate. Ordinary least square was used as data analysis methods. The estimated model found that 52.2% of the variation in the independent variables explained the dependent variable while 47.8 % of independent variables not included in this study explains the dependent variable. The estimated model further found that private sector credit, core private sector credit and deposit mobilization have positive and significant relationship with inflow of foreign direct investment while interest rate have negative and no significant effect on inflow of foreign direct investment. From the findings, the study conclude that financial intermediation determine the inflow of foreign direct investment in Nigeria. It recommends that Central Bank of Nigeria should enact reforms that must be directed at improving the quality of financial development indicators and its services to meet the needs of foreign and domestic investors and the economy at large. These include policies that will check the activities of banks management who launder the facilities meant for investors for private gains and efforts should be directed at the removal of impediments that block the short-term and long-term linkage between financial development and foreign and domestic investment in Nigeria.
Financial Intermediation, Foreign Direct Investment, Nigeria, Ordinary Least Square Methods
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pre-Trial Diversion as A Strategy for Reducing Awaiting-Trial Inmates in Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Pre-trial mediation; Awaiting-trial inmates; Restorative justice; Diversion; Nigeria Nigeria's correctional facilities are severely overcrowded, with a substantial proportion of inmates awaiting trial for prolonged periods despite the constitutional presumption of innocence. This paper examines pre-trial diversion as a strategy for reducing the population of awaiting-trial inmates in Nigeria. It investigates the legal and institutional causes of prolonged pre-trial detention and evaluates the potential of diversionary mechanisms to resolve suitable criminal cases outside the formal adjudicatory process. The study adopts a doctrinal research methodology, relying on the analysis of primary legal materials, including the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 and the Administration of Criminal Justice Act 2015, as well as relevant case law, academic literature, and policy documents. Restorative justice and procedural justice theories provide the theoretical framework for the study. The findings reveal that although existing legal mechanisms such as police bail, prosecutorial discretion, and plea bargaining create opportunities for diversion, Nigeria lacks a comprehensive statutory framework regulating pre-trial mediation. Comparative experiences from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Croatia demonstrate the effectiveness of structured diversion programmes in reducing unnecessary detention and promoting restorative outcomes. The paper identifies challenges including corruption risks, institutional capacity constraints, inadequate safeguards for victims, and the absence of clear regulatory guidelines. It recommends legislative amendments to establish a statutory diversion framework, institutional guidelines for implementation, specialised training, and pilot programmes. Properly regulated pre-trial criminal mediation offers a viable mechanism for reducing awaiting-trial populations and improving criminal justice administration in Nigeria.
Pre-trial mediation; Awaiting-trial inmates; Restorative justice; Diversion; Nigeria
Repositioning Technical Vocational and Entrepreneurship Education for Emerging Economies
Section: Articles Keywords: Technical Vocational and Entrepreneurship Education (TVEE), Emerging Customers, Digital Transformation, Curriculum Repositioning. This study examines how Technical, Vocational, and Entrepreneurship Education (TVEE) can be repositioned to address the changing demands of emerging market segments in a rapidly evolving digital economy. As technological innovation continues to transform industries, vocational education must equip learners with practical, entrepreneurial, and digital competencies that enhance employability and business creation. Using a mixed-methods programmatic review and thematic policy synthesis across selected emerging economies, the study evaluates institutional adaptation strategies, curriculum reforms, and technology integration within TVEE systems. The findings reveal significant challenges, including rigid curriculum structures, inadequate digital infrastructure, weak industry collaboration, and limited adoption of emerging technologies in vocational training. However, the analysis also indicates a strong positive relationship between flexible, technology-driven learning models and improved graduate employability, entrepreneurial capacity, and venture creation. These findings underscore the urgent need to transform vocational education from conventional, theory-based approaches into competency-driven learning systems that reflect contemporary labour market realities. The study recommends the adoption of nationally recognized stackable micro-credentials, continuous industry-oriented professional development for vocational educators, increased investment in digital learning infrastructure, and stronger public-private partnerships. Implementing these strategies will enhance workforce competitiveness, promote entrepreneurship, strengthen innovation capacity, and position TVEE as a catalyst for sustainable economic growth and inclusive national development.
Technical Vocational and Entrepreneurship Education (TVEE), Emerging Customers, Digital Transformation, Curriculum Repositioning.
The Association Between Physical Activity and Obesity in Adults: A Systematic Review of Global Longitudinal and Intervention Evidence
Section: Articles Keywords: physical activity, obesity, body mass index, adults, systematic review, longitudinal studies, intervention, energy expenditure Obesity is a critical public health issue and more than 1 billion people globally are obese. Regular physical activity is promoted as one of the primary strategies to tackle obesity, despite its effects still being uncertain. This systematic review reviews longitudinal and intervention evidence of physical activity and obesity in adults 18 years and older. A search of articles published between 2015 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and CINAHL databases was conducted. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies that evaluated the effects of physical activity exposure on obesity-related outcomes in adults were included. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed for study selection. RCTs employed the Cochrane Risk of Bias and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was adopted for observational studies. A total of 43 studies with 1.9 million participants from 28 countries met the eligibility criteria. Longitudinal studies demonstrated inverse associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and measures of adiposity. BMI and waist circumference were significantly reduced across intervention studies, particularly with repeated activity and nutrition interventions. Sedentary behaviour was an independent factor in the development of obesity, acting by mechanisms other than low physical activity. The evidence suggests a strong inverse relationship between physical activity and risk of adult obesity. Dose-response relationships are favoured by higher MVPA levels, but any level of elevated MVPA is beneficial. Interventions must consider sedentary time as a separate factor from physical inactivity. Structural and social barriers should be a target of public health recommendations that can use both aerobic and strength training approaches.
physical activity, obesity, body mass index, adults, systematic review, longitudinal studies, intervention, energy expenditure
A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Dell Hymes' Speaking Model in Selected 2023 Presidential Campaign Speeches in Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Dell Hymes' SPEAKING Model, political discourse, campaign speeches, code-switching, political communication, Nigeria This study examines how language was used as a strategic tool during the 2023 Nigerian presidential campaigns, with a focus on the speeches of Bola Ahmed Tinubu and Peter Obi. The main aim of the study is to analyze how campaign speeches conform to Dell Hymes’ SPEAKING model and how linguistic features such as code-switching, code-mixing, metaphors, and culturally meaningful expressions were used to connect with Nigeria’s diverse audiences. The study is anchored on Dell Hymes’ ethnography of communication, which explains speech as a social and cultural activity shaped by context. Using a qualitative research design, the study purposively selected ten campaign speech excerpts from publicly available YouTube videos across different geopolitical zones in Nigeria. These speeches were transcribed and analyzed using the SPEAKING model to capture setting, participants, goals, tone, and language choices. The findings reveal that both candidates consciously adapted their language to suit regional and cultural contexts, frequently using code-switching and, in limited cases, code-mixing to express solidarity, identity, and inclusion. The study concludes that language played a crucial role in political persuasion and voter mobilization during the campaigns, showing that effective political communication in Nigeria depends largely on sensitivity to linguistic and cultural diversity.
Dell Hymes' SPEAKING Model, political discourse, campaign speeches, code-switching, political communication, Nigeria
Integrating Circular Economy Principles into Mathematics Education Through AI-Inspired Optimization Models: Advancing Sustainable and Climate-Smart STEM Learning in Local Communities, A Case Study Focus on Obudu, Cross River State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Circular Economy, Mathematics Education, AI-Inspired Optimization, Genetic Algorithms, Low-Tech, STEM, Indigenous Knowledge, Cross River State We can address climate action and sustainability to combat waste build-up through circular economy (CE) learning in mathematics. Mathematics learning inspired by the circular economy can be an effective pedagogical approach that reinforces the curriculum and learning outcomes to help shape students’ character. In this paper, we provide context on how CE math can be applied to sustainable and climate-smart STEM education through artificial intelligence-inspired optimization using indigenous knowledge for emerging communities with limited access to AI. We focus on Obudu, Nigeria, as our case study community, learning mathematics through real-world contexts that encourage learners to care for the environment while building mathematical skills through low-tech AI-inspired applications. Four themes emerged: (1) math applied to quantifying waste using low-tech devices, (2) connecting mathematics to real life using CE and indigenous knowledge through community projects, (3) making CE math a reality with limited resources and technology, and (4) CE math best practices using low-tech optimization algorithms. Learners demonstrated improved ability to analyze data and developed an appreciation for sustainability by creating recycling-centered math projects inspired by AI genetic algorithms. The project was done using low-tech materials to calculate the height and volume of waste collected in Obudu and charting climatic data obtained from the Obudu Plateau. The convergence follows the recent approval by the Cross River State Ministry of Education for STEAM clubs to operate across the state. CE-inspired mathematics can be used to encourage climate action and sustainable learning in Nigeria’s local communities without AI.
Circular Economy, Mathematics Education, AI-Inspired Optimization, Genetic Algorithms, Low-Tech, STEM, Indigenous Knowledge, Cross River State
Geospatial and Socioeconomic Inequities in the Continuum of Maternal and Child Preventive Care Utilization Among Women of Childbearing Age in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Multilevel Analysis Studies.
Section: Articles Keywords: Multilevel analysis, Maternal and child health, Continuum of care, Geospatial inequities , LMICs One of the biggest public health challenges in Resource limited settings is maternal and child mortality, which is highly concentrated among certain populations living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even if the continuum of care (CoC) continues to be differentiated in how it is applied, and that remains one of the main barriers, the CoC claims itself as to be perceived as "the most fundamental approach that has or will strongly affect survival". This systematic review summarises evidence on the multilevel analytic studies of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in the utilisation of maternal and child preventive care which are found in women of reproductive age. Methods We conducted a search of the literature published between 2020 and 2026 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and WHO Global Index Medicus. Inclusion criteria: Studies with the observational design (cross-sectional or longitudinal) and multilevel/hierarchical modelling of individual and community-level predictors of MCH. A preselection of the study followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, quality was assessed (without interaction with other research domains), prioritising data from clustered research. Only 43 studies fulfilling the qualifying criteria included approximately 1.9 million people in 34 countries. There were consistent social gradients across the evidence, with mother education and household wealth showing strong correlations with service uptake. However, the community-level variables- proximity of the facility to community and area-level poverty density-were independent risk factors that explained up to 35% of the variation in care completion. The distance-decay patterns were more pronounced with the transitions between birth and the postnatal period especially when geospatial disparities were quite evident. Results show that community environment and completion of the continuum of care were connected. As improvement across the core of community infrastructure leads to increased service use as measured, trends favour urban residents and high-literacy groups. Interventions should speak to geospatial distance as an unambiguous proxy for personal socio-economic status. The public health content should focus on the structural and community level barriers to participation in strengthening the regional health system.
Multilevel analysis, Maternal and child health, Continuum of care, Geospatial inequities , LMICs
Financial Toxicity of Cancer Treatment: Evaluating the Direct and Indirect Economic Burden Among Patients Receiving Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy at National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria.
Section: Articles Keywords: Financial toxicity, Cancer treatment, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Out-of-pocket expenditure, Economic burden, Nigeria Background: According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer and World Health Organization, an estimated 127,763 new cancer cases occur annually in Nigeria. However, the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) provides negligible coverage for oncological treatment. This forces patients into financially toxic out-of-pocket expenditure. The financial toxicity of cancer treatment has emerged both as a critical patient safety and equity concerns globally, yet empirical evidence from Nigerian tertiary health institutions remains sparse. Objective: This study evaluates financial toxicity by estimating direct medical and non-medical costs, identifying patient coping strategies and determining socio-demographic and clinical determinants of economic burden among patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy at the National Hospital Abuja. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted with 94 cancer patients using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency tables and bar charts. Results: It is found that direct medical costs constituted 84% of total treatment expenditure, with a mean out-of-pocket cost of ₦550,000 ($367.90) per patient, and no meaningful insurance mitigation. The dominant coping strategies reported by patients were depleting personal savings (90.4%), borrowing from family (84.0%), and accessing formal loans (76.6%), while socioeconomic status and absence of insurance were found to be the primary determinants of financial burden, high cost of imported drugs and equipment was perceived as the single largest structural cost driver (35.1%). Conclusion: Financial toxicity is pervasive and structurally driven in Nigeria. Urgent reform of the NHIS to include comprehensive oncology coverage, establishment of government-funded cancer assistance programmes and integration of financial navigation into nursing care pathways are critically needed to achieve equitable cancer care access.
Financial toxicity, Cancer treatment, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Out-of-pocket expenditure, Economic burden, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Idoko Onoja, Khadijat Bolanle Abubakar, Christiana O. Abah, Mary Ene Adaje, Sola J. Abubakar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Distribution of Microplastics and Soil Physical Properties Across Different Land Uses in Central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Section: Articles Keywords: Microplastics, Soil Physical Properties, Land Use, Cross River State, Spatial Distribution, Tropical Soils This study investigated the spatial variability of microplastic contamination and selected soil physical properties across four land-use types residential, commercial, agricultural, and forest in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Central Cross River State, Nigeria: Boki, Ikom, and Obubra. A total of 48 sampling points were established across twelve villages, and soil samples were analyzed for microplastic concentration, particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, gravimetric and volumetric moisture content, available moisture holding capacity, air-filled porosity, degree of saturation, and void ratio. Results revealed that commercial land use consistently recorded the highest microplastic concentrations (mean: 12.12 g kg⁻¹; 150.87 kg ha⁻¹), while forest soils recorded the lowest (mean: 0.995 g kg⁻¹; 10.65 kg ha⁻¹). Soil textural classification was predominantly sandy loam across all LGAs. Bulk density was highest under residential land use (1.317 g cm⁻³), while forest soils exhibited the highest porosity (60.22%) and gravimetric moisture content (23.22%). These findings highlight the differential impact of anthropogenic land-use activities on microplastic accumulation and soil physical quality, with implications for sustainable soil management and agricultural productivity in the region.
Microplastics, Soil Physical Properties, Land Use, Cross River State, Spatial Distribution, Tropical Soils
Procurement Transparency and its Impact on Sustainable Supply Chain Performance in Developing Economies
Section: Articles Keywords: Procurement Transparency, Sustainable Supply Chain Performance, Developing Economies, E-Procurement, Institutional Theory, Triple Bottom Line, Anti-Corruption, Africa. Transparency in procurement has become one of the most important factors for success of sustainable supply chains, especially in institutional and infrastructural contexts of developing economies. This paper explores conceptual, theoretical and empirical relationships between transparency in procurement processes and the three dimensions of sustainable supply chain performance (economic, environmental and social) as defined by the triple bottom line approach. The study is based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, multilateral institutional reports, and comparison of country-level performance data from 2020 to 2026, and is based on the institutional theory, stakeholder theory and the triple bottom line framework to help explain how transparency reforms influence supply chain outcomes. The analysis shows that, at each of the three sustainability dimensions, the higher transparency procurement environments outperform the lower transparency ones in the developing economy, with differences between the two of 28 to 43 percentage points on selected indicators. The paper also highlights the most significant obstacles to procurement transparency in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas of the world (such as systemic corruption, institutional capacity, digital infrastructure and political economy constraints) and assesses the effectiveness of the various mechanisms and tools that facilitate transparency (such as e-procurement platforms, open contracting data standards, blockchain based traceability, mandatory ESG supplier disclosure). The results confirm that institutionally anchored reform packages with integrated elements of sustainable supply chain performance provide the highest expected impact on sustainable supply chain performance, but also highlight that without sufficient enforcement power and stakeholder oversight, formal disclosure requirements can generate decoupled rather than real change. Policy-relevant recommendations are presented at the end of the paper for governments, development finance institutions, the private sector and international organisations in developing economy supply chain contexts.
Procurement Transparency, Sustainable Supply Chain Performance, Developing Economies, E-Procurement, Institutional Theory, Triple Bottom Line, Anti-Corruption, Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babatunde Olusola ADETONA, PhD. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Logistics Infrastructure in Enhancing Supply Chain Performance: Evidence From Urban and Rural Regions
Section: Articles Keywords: Logistics Infrastructure, Supply Chain Performance, Urban Regions, Rural Regions, Supply Chain Resilience This paper examines the role of logistics infrastructure in enhancing the supply chain performance by making a comparative study between the city and rural areas. The overall objective of the research is to evaluate the infrastructure logistics variations on the efficiency, resilience and overall supply chain performance in these two environments, in a qualitative research approach, by discussing secondary sources of literature such as scholarly articles, institutional reports and world logistics databases. A thematic analytical approach (Rodrigue, 2020; OECD, 2021) was used to identify patterns and correlations between the performance of infrastructure and indicators of the supply chain, such as the timeliness of delivery, cost efficiency, flexibility and resilience. In the results, there is a considerable gap between city and rural areas in the logistics infrastructure, and supply chain performance. The urban areas had scores of around 85-92% in most of the indicators, such as connectivity, availability of warehouses and digitalized logistics systems, whereas the rural areas had lower scores of 35-55%. The urban areas were much higher on the supply chain performance measures such as delivery timeliness (90%) and customer satisfaction (92%), as compared to the rural areas (60% and 62% respectively). Moreover, destinations with high logistics infrastructure were more resilient with the recovery rates of disruption up to 88% and 52% in destinations with weak infrastructure. The study is thus, it is concluded that, the performance and resilience of the supply chain is influenced by the key factor is Logistics Infrastructure. However, the infrastructural disparity between urban and rural areas is a serious challenge to the even economic development. The key to achieving better efficiency and competitiveness of the supply chain in all regions is bridging this gap with specific investments, digitalizing, and policy interventions.
Logistics Infrastructure, Supply Chain Performance, Urban Regions, Rural Regions, Supply Chain Resilience
A Critical Analysis Of The Plausibility Of Miracles in Contemporary Nigeria Based on C. Lewis’ Philosophy of Miracles
Section: Articles Keywords: miracle, critical analysis, C. S. Lewis, religious experience, Nigeria This study critically examines the plausibility of miracles within contemporary Nigeria through the philosophical framework of C. S. Lewis. While Nigeria remains a deeply religious society with widespread claims of miraculous interventions, these claims often oscillate between authentic religious experience and manipulative religious practices. Drawing on Lewis’ distinction between naturalism and supernaturalism, this paper interrogates whether belief in miracles is philosophically defensible within a modern African context shaped by scientific rationality and socio-religious dynamics. Using philosophical analysis and qualitative interviews, the study argues that Lewis’ conception of miracles as divine interruptions of natural laws provides a coherent framework for evaluating miracle claims. However, the Nigerian context introduces complexities such as commercialization of religion and epistemic challenges. The study concludes that while miracles remain philosophically plausible, critical discernment is necessary to distinguish genuine occurrences from socio-religious constructions.
miracle, critical analysis, C. S. Lewis, religious experience, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Utazi Benignus Zereuwa Prince (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of Determiner Projection (DP) in Kana
Section: Articles Keywords: determiner, projection, numeral classifier, syntactic, modifier, head. This paper is based on the study of determiner projection (DP) in Kana. Kana is the language of the Kana people and part of Gokana people in the Khana and Gokana Local Government Areas of Rivers State in the south-south region of Nigeria. The paper discusses determiner projection in Kana with insights form government and binding theory proposed by Noam Chomsky in the early 1970s. The article points to the fact that the determiner projects maximally to become the head of the DP in Kana. Determiners in Kana include the definite article, the demonstrative, the quantifier, the numeral, the possessive pronoun, and the totalizer. There is another productive system of modifier called the numeral classifier. Numeral classifiers occur as a result of the use of numerals and they are found to occur with numerals. In Kana, determiners project to the D1 and ultimately project to the DP. The use of demonstratives is based either on the speaker or on the hearer in the language. This is different from what obtains in English that demonstratives are only based on the speaker. Whereas the demonstrative ama depends on the point of view of the speaker, ámá depends on the hearer. The purpose of this study is to discuss the Kana language using modern grammatical approach of government and binding. The data for the study were gathered from two sources; primary and secondary. The primary data were obtain from personal interaction with mature speakers of the language and my own intuition as a competent speaker. The secondary data were gathered from materials in the library. This work stands as a useful material for teachers and students of linguistics and English who wish to embark on syntactic study using modern approach.
determiner, projection, numeral classifier, syntactic, modifier, head.
The Socio-Semantics of Afo Names in Nasarawa Local Government Area of Nasarawa State
Section: Articles Keywords: Socio-Semantics, Afo, Names, Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State This study investigates the onomastic and semantic significance of Afo names in Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, with the aim of explaining how they encode cultural values, beliefs, and social experiences beyond mere identification. Anchored in onomastic and semantic theory, the research examines Afo names as non-sentential lexical forms whose meanings are realized through cultural symbolism and social interpretation rather than communicative performance. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with elders, name-bearers, and community members, complemented by observations in three Afo-speaking communities: Apawu, Kana, and Udege. Qualitative analysis of ten selected names reveals distinct semantic domains and cultural motivations reflecting nature, environment, emotion, spirituality, ritual life, family narratives, and social status. Names such as Uperemi (“vulture”) and O’guzeh (“road”) encode environmental experience and endurance, while Ukpo (“God”) and Ogba (“born during deity festival”) reflect spiritual belief and ritual affiliation. Onye (“happiness”) and Ukpomo (“death”) preserve emotional and existential meanings, and Osu (“king”) encodes leadership and social hierarchy. These names function as semantic repositories of cultural knowledge that reinforce identity, collective memory, and social cohesion. The study concludes that Afo names are enduring linguistic artifacts that sustain cultural heritage and worldview amid pressures of language endangerment.
Socio-Semantics, Afo, Names, Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State
Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Treatment Regimens Among Hypertensive Clients in Selected Hospitals in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: hypertension, medication adherence, non-adherence, antihypertensive, Bayelsa State, Nigeria Background: Hypertension is still a huge health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and poor medication adherence keeps treatment outcomes disappointing. In Bayelsa State, we really do not know much about how bad this problem is or what is driving it. So, this study focused on figuring out how common non-adherence is among people with hypertension at selected hospitals in Yenagoa, and what is causing it. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional survey was used. Altogether, we recruited 166 hypertensive outpatients from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Diete-Koki Memorial Hospital in Yenagoa between June and August 2019, choosing them through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data came from structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires, vetted by experts, with a reliability score of r = 0.84. Responses were analyzed using basic statistics like frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations using a mean cut-off of 2.5. Results: Most respondents were men (58.4%), aged 60 and above (33.7%), married (58.4%), and had at least a secondary school certificate (47%). Around 65% stuck to their medication well, but a worrying number did not. All 11 items checking adherence behaviour scored above the 2.5 mean cut-off, revealing a real problem with non-adherence. The main reasons were: not being able to afford medications (32%), anxiety over taking drugs for life (30.1%), disbelief that health depends on medications (30.3%), forgetfulness (21.1%), and dealing with multiple prescriptions (19%). Conclusion: Even though adherence was decent overall, plenty of avoidable barriers still stop people from following their treatment properly. There is an urgent need for focused, nurse-led patient education, better financial support, and simpler treatment plans to close the adherence gap in Yenagoa.
hypertension, medication adherence, non-adherence, antihypertensive, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indices of Refined Palm Oil Versus Palm Kernel Oil: A Comparative Fame–Gc-Fid Analysis of Major Brands Marketed in Rivers State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: fatty acid profile, FAME-GC-FID, palm oil, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, lipid quality indices, vegetable oil. The fatty acid composition of refined vegetable oils is a primary determinant of their nutritional value, technological functionality, and health implications. Palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) are two chemically distinct products derived from anatomically separate fractions of the oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), yet they are frequently perceived interchangeably in Nigerian consumer practice. This study conducted a rigorous comparative fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on commercially refined PO, PKO, groundnut oil (GNO), soybean oil (SBO), and sunflower oil (SFO) brands purchased from major markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Eight brands were analysed for complete fatty acid profiles, fatty acid class distributions, atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), hypocholesterolaemic-to-hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio (h/H), polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA/SFA), and omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Physicochemical quality parameters including peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), free fatty acid content (FFA), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), refractive index (RI), and specific gravity were determined by standard AOCS and AOAC methods. Refined PKO was dominated by lauric acid (C12:0, 45.8–47.2%) and myristic acid (C14:0, 15.6–16.4%), yielding a combined saturated fatty acid (SFA) fraction of 82.9–86.4%. Refined PO was predominantly composed of palmitic acid (C16:0, 42.6–44.8%) and oleic acid (C18:1, 37.4–39.2%), with SFA content of 48.5–51.1%. GNO exhibited the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (49.70%), while SFO recorded the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion (58.54%). Atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices were highest for PKO (AI: 8.42–8.86; TI: 4.22–4.68) and lowest for SFO (AI: 0.18–0.22; TI: 0.22–0.28). SBO demonstrated the most nutritionally balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio (7.7:1), closest to the WHO-recommended range. All brands met CODEX Alimentarius physicochemical quality benchmarks. These findings provide the first comprehensive FAME–GC-FID comparative characterisation of refined vegetable oil brands in the Rivers State market and underscore the urgent public health need for mandatory fatty acid disclosure on Nigerian vegetable oil labels.
fatty acid profile, FAME-GC-FID, palm oil, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, lipid quality indices, vegetable oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. U. Okidhika,, P. U. G. Onuchuku, (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Language Choices Among Traders in Bukuru Metropolis, Jos, Plateau State
Section: Articles Keywords: Language, choices, traders, Bukuru, Jos, metropolis This study investigates the dynamics of language choices among traders in Bukuru Metropolis, Jos, Plateau State, a multilingual commercial hub where Hausa, English, Nigerian Pidgin, Igbo, and Berom intersect in everyday market interactions. Anchored in Henri Tajfel and John Turner's Social Identity Theory (1979), the research examines how traders use language to express group affiliation, assert identity, negotiate status, and bridge in-group/out-group boundaries to achieve goals such as solidarity, persuasion, identity marking, and professionalism. A qualitative design was adopted, employing participant observation and oral interviews. From the diverse trading population, a purposive sample of 10 interactions was collected, encompassing provision sellers, vegetable vendors, spare-parts dealers, and phone/accessory sellers. Data were presented descriptively in tabular form and analyzed using social identity tools. Findings reveal that Nigerian Pidgin and Hausa dominate as transactional codes, with Pidgin fostering inter-group neutrality and inclusiveness, while Hausa serves as the regional lingua franca in greetings and negotiations to facilitate out-group integration. English is used strategically in contexts requiring prestige, clarity, or modernity to signal status negotiation, whereas Igbo and Berom appear in identity-driven exchanges, especially within in-group affiliation or ethnic pride contexts. The study concludes that language choice in Bukuru markets is deliberate and adaptive, reflecting the multilingual reality of Plateau State. It highlights the role of in-group/out-group strategies in sustaining peaceful coexistence and enhancing socio-economic transactions.
Language, choices, traders, Bukuru, Jos, metropolis
Adoption of Open Journal Systems (OJS) Among Nigerian Academics (TAM-Based)
Section: Articles Keywords: Open Journal Systems, Technology Acceptance Model, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, Nigerian academics This study examined the adoption of Open Journal Systems (OJS) among Nigerian academics using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as its theoretical framework. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of Open Journal Systems (OJS) adoption among Nigerian academics and identify key demographic and institutional factors influencing uptake, to examine the influence of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of core constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on Nigerian academics' intentions to adopt OJS, and to explore barriers and facilitators to OJS adoption in Nigerian universities and propose strategies for enhancing technology integration in scholarly publishing. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from 200 academic staff members across federal, state, and private universities in Nigeria using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-Way ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicate that the level of OJS adoption among Nigerian academics is moderate to low, with higher adoption observed in federal universities compared to state and private institutions. The results further show that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influence behavioral intention to adopt OJS, with perceived usefulness emerging as the stronger predictor. Regression results indicated that infrastructural and institutional barriers such as poor internet connectivity and inadequate technical support negatively affect adoption, while training opportunities and funding significantly enhance it. The study concludes that the adoption of OJS in Nigerian universities is shaped by both individual perceptions and institutional conditions. It recommends improved ICT infrastructure, continuous staff training, increased funding, and supportive institutional policies to enhance the effective adoption and utilization of OJS in Nigerian academia.
Open Journal Systems, Technology Acceptance Model, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, Nigerian academics
Copyright (c) 2026 Wazhi Mantim, Yang Elizabeth Samuel, Khelpai Suwaiga, Agyawal Fatty Bitrus, Ukos Samaila, Dagwai Zemyen Clementina, Rufus Nsine Mfon, Davou Michael Pam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of malaria parasitemia among patients attending Uke General Hospital, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Section: Articles Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Protist, Public health, Nigeria Malaria persists as major public health concern in Nigeria. Malaria, an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes, is caused by plasmodium protist. Nigeria accounts for 27% of the global malaria burden and 32% of malaria deaths globally (FRN, 2022). Malaria poses a risk of about 97% to the Nigerian population and contributes about 11% of maternal mortality. This study sought to establish the prevalence of malaria parasitemia among patients attending Uke General Hospital, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. the study was structured around three key objectives: To determine the malaria prevention practices among the patients visiting the hospital, to identify some socio-cultural factors that can be included in the education of people for effective control programme and to compare the prevalence of malaria parasite infection caused by plasmodium falciparum among patients attending Uke General Hospital Karu Local Government Nasarawa State. A quantitative research design was adopted, Using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) kits, 120 patients of different ages and genders were screened for malaria. Analysis of collected Capillary blood samples showed that 65 individuals were positive, giving prevalence rate of 54.2%. Children aged 1-10years showed the highest prevalence, and males were generally more affected than females. Although light microscopy is regarded as the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, RDTs were used in this study due to their speed, ease of use, and availability in the hospital setting. These findings demonstrate the ongoing burden of malaria in the study area and the need to reinforce prevention and control strategies. There should be intensive public awareness campaigns on malaria transmission, symptoms, prevention, and the importance of seeking timely treatment. These campaigns should be targeted especially at the uneducated population through the use of local languages and visual aids.
Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Protist, Public health, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Igba, P (Author); Prof. Ehinmidu, J.O. (Translator); Salisu Rukayyat (Author); Dr. Hassan, S.C. (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gamification Effects on Student Engagement in FCT Abuja Primary Schools
Section: Articles Keywords: Gamification, Student Engagement, Primary Education, Instructional Strategies, Nigeria This study examined the effect of gamification on student engagement in primary schools in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives: to assess the level of student engagement in traditional classroom settings, to determine the effect of gamified instructional strategies on engagement, and to examine the moderating role of demographic variables such as gender and class level. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with a sample of 100 respondents comprising 70 pupils and 30 teachers selected from primary schools in the study area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that student engagement in traditional, non-gamified lessons is significantly low, with pupils exhibiting limited participation, low motivation, and reduced interest in classroom activities. However, the introduction of gamified instructional strategies significantly improved engagement, as pupils exposed to game-like elements demonstrated higher levels of attention, participation, and effort compared to their counterparts. The results further showed a strong positive relationship between gamification and student engagement. In addition, class level was found to significantly influence engagement, with older pupils responding more positively to gamified instruction, while gender had no significant effect. The study concludes that gamification is an effective and practical approach for enhancing student engagement in Nigerian primary schools. It is recommended that teachers and educational stakeholders integrate gamified strategies into classroom practices to improve learning outcomes.
Gamification, Student Engagement, Primary Education, Instructional Strategies, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 ATTAH Emmanuel Ojoma, PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF HYGIENE PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITIONS AMONG ABATTOIR WORKERS IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
Section: Articles Keywords: Abattoir hygiene, environmental sanitation, food safety, occupational health, Nigeria This study assessed hygiene practices and environmental sanitation conditions among abattoir workers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 workers selected from four major abattoirs; Karu, Gwagwalada, Dei-Dei, and Kuje, between January and March 2025. Data were collected using a structured Likert-scale questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics summarized hygiene practices and sanitation conditions, Pearson's correlation examined relationships among hygiene behaviours, and one-sample t-tests compared sanitation indicators against the adequacy threshold of 3.0. Results revealed strong positive correlations among handwashing, PPE use, tool cleaning, and post-shift bathing (r = 0.80–0.92, p < 0.001), indicating that hygiene behaviours cluster together among conscientious workers. However, environmental sanitation conditions were uniformly substandard. Mean scores for access to clean water (M = 2.24), waste disposal systems (M = 2.55), facility cleanliness (M = 2.65), and functional toilet facilities (M = 2.40) all fell significantly below acceptable levels (p < 0.01). Workers identified infrastructural deficits, infrequent regulatory inspections, and limited access to protective equipment as primary barriers. Notably, self-rated knowledge met acceptable levels (M = 3.00, p = 1.000), indicating that sanitation deficits stem from structural and institutional failures rather than worker ignorance. The study concludes that improving abattoir sanitation in the FCT requires urgent infrastructural investment, strengthened regulatory oversight, and provision of free protective equipment. Responsibility lies primarily with institutional stakeholders to create environments where workers' adequate knowledge can translate into consistent safe practices.
Abattoir hygiene, environmental sanitation, food safety, occupational health, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbonna Kate, Anasin Haruna, Beyioku Marie Damilola, Salau Joseph (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN NIGERIA’S “JAPA” ERA
Section: Articles Keywords: Employee retention, Japa phenomenon, workforce migration, human resource practices, Nigeria This study, investigated employee retention in Nigeria’s current “Japa” era through an exploration of how organizations make sense of the phenomenon, the evolving strategies they use to adapt; and how prevailing operationalization on employee retention implications derive from these. Using a qualitative research design, data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with thirty human resource practitioners and organizational leaders from various sectors. Data were analysed with an inductive thematic analysis of the participant’s experiences using Nvivo software, directly enabling themes to emerge. According to the findings, the “Japa” phenomenon is widely regarded as a systemic and inevitable situation that is being fueled by macroeconomic turbulence, international labour demand and socio-political realities. Such changes have caused a change in employee perception of the same, with reduced long-term organizational commitment and a growing inclination towards global mobility. As a result, organizations are leveraging flexible and tailored retention strategies to help guide talent through personalized work offers, career advancement opportunities, and flexibility in the workplace. But simply tabling up the money to compensate employees for office work did not prove effective. The research also shows that retention is becoming a more temporary and fluid outcome, with organizations concentrating on postponing not halting exit. The authors find the limitations of traditional retention models insufficient to explain employee behaviour in this context, and argue for a reconceptualization of retention as a dynamic process influenced by external forces. The theoretical contribution of the findings lies in contextualized human resource insights that inform adaptive human resource strategies in emerging economies.
Employee retention, Japa phenomenon, workforce migration, human resource practices, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Dagwai Zemyen Clementina, Rufus Nsine Mfon, Wazhi Mantim, Yang Elizabeth, Khelpai Suwaiga, Agyawal Fatty Bitrus, Ukos Samaila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION IN JOS NORTH AND SOUTH, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA: A QUALITATIVE REVIEW AND EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Section: Articles Keywords: Maternal Health, Child Health, Service Utilization, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, Qualitative Review. Maternal and child health (MCH) is a key public health issue in Nigeria, and Plateau State shows very low levels of MCH service utilization. In this review, we took stock of MCH utilization, determinants and perceptions in Jos North/South Local Government Areas (LGAs) as at 2019–2026. Using a qualitative review methodology, the study consolidates evidence derived from academic databases namely PubMed, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate along with reports published by World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. The study findings demonstrated that although the perception on overall quality of antenatal care (ANC) in tertiary facilities like the Plateau State Specialist Hospital was generally positive, it still differed widely among rural and peri-urban communities. The main barriers to use were socio-economic factors, cultural beliefs in favour of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and systemic barriers, such as poor primary health care (PHC) infrastructure. On the other hand, health education and community-based interventions such as the ANRiN project are essential enablers. In the paper, we conclude that overcoming demand-side cultural barriers and improving facility availability is required to achieve universal health coverage in Jos.
Maternal Health, Child Health, Service Utilization, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria, Qualitative Review.
Copyright (c) 2026 EIJRIHS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0