Eagle International Journal of Research, Innovation and Health Sciences (EIJRIHS) is a multidisciplinary, open‑access, peer‑reviewed journal publshed by Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation, that seeks to expand knowledge, promote innovation, and strengthen leadership across all areas of human endeavour. The journal reflects the vision of Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation to raise the next generation of global leaders and problem‑solvers through strategic research, creativity, and practical innovation in academia, industry, and government. We publish original research articles, scholarly reviews, and innovation‑oriented papers that respond to pressing challenges in health sciences, biomedical sciences, social sciences, education, management sciences, technology, policy, humanities and other applied fields. The journal encourages submissions that combine solid methodology, fresh perspectives, and noticeable impact, with a clear focus on interdisciplinary and practice‑based approaches. Our key coverage areas include, but are not limited to: Clinical, public, and community health sciences Biomedical, laboratory, and life‑sciences research Health‑systems management, policy, and health‑economics Health‑sciences education, teaching methods, and digital learning innovations Education Social sciences, psychology, and management sciences Technology, engineering, and data‑science applications in health and human development Agricultural sciences and pure sciences Environmental, agricultural, and occupational health with broader societal relevance Humanities Research methods, innovation frameworks, and evidence‑based practice Multidisciplinary research We aim to build a global network of scholars, practitioners, and decision‑makers who work together to address practical problems and support equitable, sustainable development across all domains of human life by linking research, innovation, and real‑world practice.
Eagle Institute of Research and Innovation
THE EFFECT OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ON STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ANAMBRA STATE.
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study investigated the effect of project-based learning (PBL) on the development of critical thinking skills among senior secondary school students in Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State. The research design of the study was a descriptive survey. The sampling technique involved a multi-stage procedure. The sample comprised teachers drawn from public secondary schools in the study area. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire, the Project-Based Learning and Critical Thinking Questionnaire (PBLCTQ), validated by experts in Measurement and Evaluation and Curriculum Studies. The instrument was subjected to a pilot test using Cronbach’s alpha to establish its reliability. The criterion mean of 2.50 was used to analyze the data collected using mean and standard deviation. The results revealed that project-based learning is utilized to a moderate extent in the schools studied and that teachers perceive it as exerting a positive influence on students' critical thinking, particularly in argumentation and evidence-based reasoning. The main barriers to the effective implementation of PBL were Large class sizes, insufficient time, inadequate instructional materials and inadequate training of teachers. It was recommended among others that education authorities should organize regular in-service training for teachers on the design and facilitation of project-based learning in order to enable students to develop critical thinking skills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adindu Cyprian Ikenna (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REMITTANCES, EXCHANGE-RATE VOLATILITY AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION RESILIENCE IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM AN ARDL ERROR-CORRECTION MODEL
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This paper examines whether migrant remittances strengthen household consumption resilience when exchange-rate conditions are unstable in Nigeria. Annual data for 1990–2024 are assembled from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s national accounts and official World Development Indicators derived from International Monetary Fund balance-of-payments and exchange-rate statistics and United Nations population estimates. Household consumption resilience is operationalised as the preservation and recovery of real household final consumption expenditure per capita. Remittances are deflated to 2015 US dollars and expressed per capita. Exchange-rate volatility is the three-year rolling standard deviation of annual log changes in the official naira–US dollar rate. Augmented Dickey–Fuller and KPSS tests show a mixture of I(0) and I(1) variables and no I(2) series. An ARDL(1,1,2,1) model is selected by the Akaike information criterion from error-correction-admissible lag structures. The bounds statistic is 5.688, above the 1% upper critical value, supporting cointegration. In the long run, the remittance elasticity is positive (0.048) but statistically insignificant at 5%, while real income has a strong positive elasticity of 0.791. Exchange-rate volatility has no stable long-run level coefficient. In the short run, remittance growth has a positive coefficient of 0.0716 at the 10% level, whereas the cumulative volatility effect is −0.0056 (p=0.0018). The error-correction term is negative and highly significant (−1.111), indicating rapid adjustment with overshooting. Alternative remittance intensity, volatility, inflation and sample specifications preserve the central result: remittances provide limited short-run support, but exchange instability can erode consumption resilience. Policies that lower remittance costs, deepen formal channels and stabilise inflation and foreign-exchange conditions are therefore complementary rather than substitutes.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST PERSONS (PROHIBITION) ACT, 2015 AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARD
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Nigeria’s Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015 (VAPP Act) was hailed as a transformative legal framework for combating domestic and interpersonal violence. This article undertakes a critical comparative analysis of the VAPP Act against the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention), which represents the gold standard in international human rights law on violence against persons. Using a doctrinal legal methodology, the article evaluates four key dimensions: (1) definitional frameworks of domestic violence; (2) scope of prohibited conduct (physical, sexual, psychological, economic violence); (3) structural and legislative coherence; and (4) emerging accountability mechanisms, including no-fault compensation. The analysis finds that while the VAPP Act aligns substantively with international standards in recognizing economic and psychological violence, it suffers from critical deficiencies: a misleading title, failure to designate domestic violence as a distinct offense, a problematic duality between domestic violence and spousal battery, incomplete state domestication, and the absence of a no-fault compensation framework. The article concludes with actionable legislative and policy recommendations to bring Nigeria into closer compliance with its international human rights obligations.
MONOCULAR BLINDNESS SECONDARY TO GIANT SELLAR-SUPRASELLAR MASS: A CASE-REPORT
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Background: Sellar–suprasellar tumors are of Ophthalmic importance due to their proximity to the visual pathway. They can present with progressive visual impairment from compressing the visual apparatus. Early recognition and prompt surgical treatment is critical to prevent irreversible blindness. Case Presentation: A 38‑year‑old male presented with a two‑year history of painless, progressive monocular vision loss in the left eye, accompanied by severe headaches, dizziness, and weight gain. Examination revealed no light perception and optic atrophy in the left eye, temporal hemianopia in the right eye, and reduced color vision. Hormonal evaluation showed hyperprolactinaemia (118 ng/ml) consistent with pituitary stalk compression. Neuroimaging demonstrated a giant invasive sellar–suprasellar mass with solid and cystic components, compressing the optic chiasm and encasing the internal carotid arteries. Differential diagnoses included pituitary macroadenoma and craniopharyngioma. The patient was referred for neurosurgical intervention but was lost to follow‑up. Discussion: This case highlights the need for wholistic evaluation of the visual pathway in patients presenting with progressive loss of vision. The clinical features of optic atrophy, temporal hemianopia and increased in prolactin level was a pointer to suprasellar mass. MRI aided in the diagnosis and remain the gold standard for evaluation of suprasellar mass. The ocular and endocrine manifestations demanded an urgent referral in addition to a suggestive radiological findings. Conclusion: Ophthalmologists may be the first to attend to patients with Suprasellar mass . This demands a high index of suspicion, thorough clinical assessment and appropriate neuroimaging is needed to prevent missed diagnosis and irreversible vision loss and death.Timely multidisciplinary management involving Endocrinologists and Neurosurgeons is crucial.
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SCHOOL DISTRIBUTION IN POLITICAL WARDS OF IFE CENTRAL LGA OSUN STATE NIGERIA
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Education is a fundamental driver for socio-economic development and growth of individuals. Educational system has witness challenges because of inadequate planning and facilities distribution in schools. Thus there is need to establish schools in various political wards of the country for the growth of the individuals. This research was conducted to assess how Public Primary schools were distributed in all political wards in Ife Central LGA in OSun State Nigeria. Spatial and non-Spatial data used for this research were acquired through field work. The field work involved the visitation of all Government public primary schools in Ife Central LGA and oral interview were conducted for the head teachers from each school visited to form the database of the primary schools in the study area. The global positioning system was used in collection of coordinate points of the schools. Spatial and non-Spatial data was used to developed data base for educational authority. The result obtained were analyzed using Geographic information system (GIS) technology to visualize the distribution of the public primary schools in their various political Wards. The result showed that public primary schools were not evenly distributed among the political wards. Some wards had more schools than others while some had none. Teachers were not randomly distributed based on school’s enrolment and some schools established in some wards failed the standard for establishment. Based, on the findings, it was recommended that more schools should be establish in those wards that have no public primary schools for equity and fairness and provide teachers where they are needed based on school enrolment. More so, many decision makers in Education management and planning can utilize the technology of GIS for making and implementing educational programs with cost effective in school administration.
Spatial Distribution of Microplastics and Soil Physical Properties Across Different Land Uses in Central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study investigated the spatial variability of microplastic contamination and selected soil physical properties across four land-use types residential, commercial, agricultural, and forest in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Central Cross River State, Nigeria: Boki, Ikom, and Obubra. A total of 48 sampling points were established across twelve villages, and soil samples were analyzed for microplastic concentration, particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, gravimetric and volumetric moisture content, available moisture holding capacity, air-filled porosity, degree of saturation, and void ratio. Results revealed that commercial land use consistently recorded the highest microplastic concentrations (mean: 12.12 g kg⁻¹; 150.87 kg ha⁻¹), while forest soils recorded the lowest (mean: 0.995 g kg⁻¹; 10.65 kg ha⁻¹). Soil textural classification was predominantly sandy loam across all LGAs. Bulk density was highest under residential land use (1.317 g cm⁻³), while forest soils exhibited the highest porosity (60.22%) and gravimetric moisture content (23.22%). These findings highlight the differential impact of anthropogenic land-use activities on microplastic accumulation and soil physical quality, with implications for sustainable soil management and agricultural productivity in the region.
The Socio-Semantics of Afo Names in Nasarawa Local Government Area of Nasarawa State
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study investigates the onomastic and semantic significance of Afo names in Nasarawa Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, with the aim of explaining how they encode cultural values, beliefs, and social experiences beyond mere identification. Anchored in onomastic and semantic theory, the research examines Afo names as non-sentential lexical forms whose meanings are realized through cultural symbolism and social interpretation rather than communicative performance. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with elders, name-bearers, and community members, complemented by observations in three Afo-speaking communities: Apawu, Kana, and Udege. Qualitative analysis of ten selected names reveals distinct semantic domains and cultural motivations reflecting nature, environment, emotion, spirituality, ritual life, family narratives, and social status. Names such as Uperemi (“vulture”) and O’guzeh (“road”) encode environmental experience and endurance, while Ukpo (“God”) and Ogba (“born during deity festival”) reflect spiritual belief and ritual affiliation. Onye (“happiness”) and Ukpomo (“death”) preserve emotional and existential meanings, and Osu (“king”) encodes leadership and social hierarchy. These names function as semantic repositories of cultural knowledge that reinforce identity, collective memory, and social cohesion. The study concludes that Afo names are enduring linguistic artifacts that sustain cultural heritage and worldview amid pressures of language endangerment.
Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Quality Indices of Refined Palm Oil Versus Palm Kernel Oil: A Comparative Fame–Gc-Fid Analysis of Major Brands Marketed in Rivers State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Array The fatty acid composition of refined vegetable oils is a primary determinant of their nutritional value, technological functionality, and health implications. Palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) are two chemically distinct products derived from anatomically separate fractions of the oil palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), yet they are frequently perceived interchangeably in Nigerian consumer practice. This study conducted a rigorous comparative fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) on commercially refined PO, PKO, groundnut oil (GNO), soybean oil (SBO), and sunflower oil (SFO) brands purchased from major markets in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Eight brands were analysed for complete fatty acid profiles, fatty acid class distributions, atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), hypocholesterolaemic-to-hypercholesterolaemic fatty acid ratio (h/H), polyunsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio (PUFA/SFA), and omega-6/omega-3 ratio. Physicochemical quality parameters including peroxide value (PV), acid value (AV), free fatty acid content (FFA), iodine value (IV), saponification value (SV), refractive index (RI), and specific gravity were determined by standard AOCS and AOAC methods. Refined PKO was dominated by lauric acid (C12:0, 45.8–47.2%) and myristic acid (C14:0, 15.6–16.4%), yielding a combined saturated fatty acid (SFA) fraction of 82.9–86.4%. Refined PO was predominantly composed of palmitic acid (C16:0, 42.6–44.8%) and oleic acid (C18:1, 37.4–39.2%), with SFA content of 48.5–51.1%. GNO exhibited the highest monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (49.70%), while SFO recorded the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportion (58.54%). Atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices were highest for PKO (AI: 8.42–8.86; TI: 4.22–4.68) and lowest for SFO (AI: 0.18–0.22; TI: 0.22–0.28). SBO demonstrated the most nutritionally balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio (7.7:1), closest to the WHO-recommended range. All brands met CODEX Alimentarius physicochemical quality benchmarks. These findings provide the first comprehensive FAME–GC-FID comparative characterisation of refined vegetable oil brands in the Rivers State market and underscore the urgent public health need for mandatory fatty acid disclosure on Nigerian vegetable oil labels.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. U. Okidhika,, P. U. G. Onuchuku, (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Non-Adherence to Antihypertensive Treatment Regimens Among Hypertensive Clients in Selected Hospitals in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Background: Hypertension is still a huge health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and poor medication adherence keeps treatment outcomes disappointing. In Bayelsa State, we really do not know much about how bad this problem is or what is driving it. So, this study focused on figuring out how common non-adherence is among people with hypertension at selected hospitals in Yenagoa, and what is causing it. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional survey was used. Altogether, we recruited 166 hypertensive outpatients from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Diete-Koki Memorial Hospital in Yenagoa between June and August 2019, choosing them through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data came from structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires, vetted by experts, with a reliability score of r = 0.84. Responses were analyzed using basic statistics like frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations using a mean cut-off of 2.5. Results: Most respondents were men (58.4%), aged 60 and above (33.7%), married (58.4%), and had at least a secondary school certificate (47%). Around 65% stuck to their medication well, but a worrying number did not. All 11 items checking adherence behaviour scored above the 2.5 mean cut-off, revealing a real problem with non-adherence. The main reasons were: not being able to afford medications (32%), anxiety over taking drugs for life (30.1%), disbelief that health depends on medications (30.3%), forgetfulness (21.1%), and dealing with multiple prescriptions (19%). Conclusion: Even though adherence was decent overall, plenty of avoidable barriers still stop people from following their treatment properly. There is an urgent need for focused, nurse-led patient education, better financial support, and simpler treatment plans to close the adherence gap in Yenagoa.
A Study of Determiner Projection (DP) in Kana
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This paper is based on the study of determiner projection (DP) in Kana. Kana is the language of the Kana people and part of Gokana people in the Khana and Gokana Local Government Areas of Rivers State in the south-south region of Nigeria. The paper discusses determiner projection in Kana with insights form government and binding theory proposed by Noam Chomsky in the early 1970s. The article points to the fact that the determiner projects maximally to become the head of the DP in Kana. Determiners in Kana include the definite article, the demonstrative, the quantifier, the numeral, the possessive pronoun, and the totalizer. There is another productive system of modifier called the numeral classifier. Numeral classifiers occur as a result of the use of numerals and they are found to occur with numerals. In Kana, determiners project to the D1 and ultimately project to the DP. The use of demonstratives is based either on the speaker or on the hearer in the language. This is different from what obtains in English that demonstratives are only based on the speaker. Whereas the demonstrative ama depends on the point of view of the speaker, ámá depends on the hearer. The purpose of this study is to discuss the Kana language using modern grammatical approach of government and binding. The data for the study were gathered from two sources; primary and secondary. The primary data were obtain from personal interaction with mature speakers of the language and my own intuition as a competent speaker. The secondary data were gathered from materials in the library. This work stands as a useful material for teachers and students of linguistics and English who wish to embark on syntactic study using modern approach.
TEACHING PRACTICES UNDER MATERIALS CONSTRAINTS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MEANINGFUL LEARNING
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study examines the teaching methods used in classrooms when there are not enough learning materials and how these methods affect meaningful student learning. In many schools, teachers face a lack of basic teaching tools like textbooks, visual aids, and science equipment. This shortage often forces teachers to change how they deliver lessons, which can directly affect how well students understand and remember the topics. The main goal of this research is to identify the creative ways teachers teach when materials are limited and to find out if these methods still help students truly learn rather than just memorize facts. The study collected data from secondary school teachers and students in Lagos State using questionnaires and classroom visits. By observing these teaching habits, the research highlights the best ways teachers keep students actively involved without standard materials. The findings offer useful advice for school leaders, government officials, and teacher training programs on how to better support educators. Certain teaching practices can still lead to successful learning even when standard tools are absent.
THE ROLE OF FORECASTING IN BUSINESS PROFITABILITY: EVIDENCE FROM A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Section: Articles Keywords: Array The study gave insight into the niceties and technicalities of forecasting as a tool for business decision making for the attainment of the objective of profit maximization in business organizations. In adoption of a conceptual and exploratory research design, a review of available literature on the major types of forecasting used by business organizations as a precursor for planning and business development such as economic and finance forecasting, market demand forecasting and some recent types of forecasting including energy forecasting, manpower forecasting, flood forecasting, and technological forecasting recently imbued into business planning and decision making was reviewed. The study pointed out that the profit objective is the main reason for A highlight of the significance of forecasting in business organizations including identification of new strategies and innovation, streamlining of operations and resources coordination for enhanced profitability was buttressed. The study finally concluded by making recommendation for business to adopt affordable, cloud-based forecasting tools with machine learning and probabilistic outputs, starting with inventory, procurement, and pricing where errors are costliest. Building internal capability through training in data interpretation and scenario planning is essential, as technology alone does not reduce uncertainty, in developing economies marked by high volatility, businesses should institutionalize integrated forecasting that fuses internal data; sales, cash flow, capacity with external forecasts of FX, inflation, climate, and policy shifts to align operations with market reality.
MATERNAL KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS ADEQUATE INFANT NUTRITION AMONG POSTNATAL MOTHERS AT A FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, NIGERIA
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Background: Suboptimal infant feeding practices remain a leading cause of preventable child malnutrition and mortality in Nigeria. Despite well-established global recommendations, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates and appropriate complementary feeding practices are critically low, particularly in the Niger Delta region. Objective: To assess maternal knowledge and attitude towards adequate infant nutrition, including EBF and weaning practices, and to examine whether socio-demographic characteristics are significantly associated with feeding outcomes among postnatal mothers attending a federal tertiary health facility in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional analytical study design was employed. One hundred and twenty postnatal mothers were recruited by simple random sampling from the postnatal clinic of a federal medical centre in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Data were collected through a structured, pre-validated, researcher-administered questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of EBF and infant nutrition, weaning knowledge and practice, and attitude towards ensuring adequate infant nutrition. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential analyses comprising Pearson chi-square tests, binary logistic regression, one-way analysis of variance, and Spearman rank correlation were applied. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The majority of mothers (71.7%) reported exclusively breastfeeding their infants; however, only 39.2% sustained EBF for six to 12 months. Only 31.7% weaned at the recommended age of six months, and pap (ogi/akamu) was the dominant weaning food (68.3%). Most respondents (73.3%) reported a positive attitude towards ensuring adequate infant nutrition. Nurses were identified as the primary information source by 81.7% of respondents. Chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression revealed no statistically significant associations between any socio-demographic variable and either EBF practice or positive attitude towards infant nutrition (all p > 0.05; Cramér's V range: 0.000–0.108). Conclusion and Recommendations: A significant knowledge–practice gap exists among postnatal mothers in this setting. The absence of significant demographic predictors indicates that the barriers to optimal infant feeding are socio-cultural, structural, and system-level in nature. Targeted, culturally responsive nursing interventions integrated into antenatal and postnatal care platforms are urgently required.
METAHEURISTIC PI CONTROLLER TUNING FOR PMSG WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS: GRAYLAG GOOSE OPTIMISATION WITH INTEGRATED TIP SPEED RATIO MPPT AND IEEE 519 COMPLIANCE
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) wind turbines require precise multi-loop converter control to guarantee stable grid interaction and thus high-power quality over a wide range of wind conditions. Tuning methods for proportional-integral (PI) controllers that are based on a linearised version of the plant often fail to meet demands in wind generation environments where the plant is inherently nonlinear and stochastic. This paper presents a novel application of a recently proposed nature-inspired metaheuristic called the Graylag Goose Optimisation (GGO) algorithm to the simultaneous calibration of eight PI gain parameters for the rotor side converter (RSC) and grid side converter (GSC) of the 2MW direct-drive PMSG system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is based on a tip speed ratio (TSR) strategy, which provides the rotor speed reference without requiring direct anemometric measurement. The integral time absolute error (ITAE) is used here as the overall fitness criterion, which takes care of overshoot of the DC-link and settling time errors. The comparison of the proposed algorithm is made with Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimiser (GWO), Whale Optimisation Algorithm (WOA) and classical Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) tuning in MATLAB/Simulink using a 600-second stochastic Kaimal wind profile with voltage sag superimposed on it. GGO-PI achieves an ITAE of 0.0317, a 31.4% reduction in the overshoot of the DC-link compared to PSO-PI and grid current total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.31%, that is 0.0231 of the IEEE 519-2022 limits of 0.05. The efficiency of energy capture by MPPT is 97.2%. Wilcoxon signed-rank testing for 30 stochastic trials reaches statistical superiority of GGO at p < 0.01. These outcomes suggest that the proposed controller synthesis approach is an effective, grid code-compliant and practically deployable controller synthesis approach for utility-scale PMSG wind installations.
Analysis of The Impact of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Housing Quality in Peri-Urban Settlements of Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria
Section: Articles Keywords: Array The study examined the socio-economic characteristics of the residents on housing quality. Data were drawn from the survey of residents in the study area. Six (6) Peri-urban settlements (LCDAs) within Ikorodu LGA were identified as the study area. A total of four hundred and sixty-seven respondents were surveyed using structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages, frequency tables, Multiple Regression Analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Income and educational level were found to significantly enhance housing quality, while, larger household sizes tend to reduce it. The regression model explained 54.6% of the variance in housing quality and confirmed a statistically significant relationship between socio-economic characteristics and housing conditions. A unit increase in income, while holding educational level and household size constant, will increase housing quality by 0.195 units. Similarly, given a unit increase in educational level while holding income and household size constant, housing quality will improve by 0.398 units. On the other hand, given a unit increase in household size while holding other independent variables constant, housing quality would deteriorate by 0.028 units. The study concluded that socio-economic factors: income, education level, and household size significantly influence housing quality in Ikorodu peri-urban area of Lagos State. It is recommended that policies incorporate socio-economic considerations, promote income enhancement, educational advancement, and family size management in urban housing policy while planning for peri-urban areas and adopt area-specific housing improvement strategies.
The Impact of Habitual Physical Activity on Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Adults: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal and Clinical Evidence
Section: Articles Keywords: Array The preventive practices which are aimed at lifestyle modification are required to be strong as the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain to be the leading cause of mortality in the world. Despite the evidence of benefits of movement in cardioprotection, a new synthesis is required to establish more accurate connections between cardiovascular outcomes and various levels of actions in the long term. This systematic review determines the correlation between physical activity and the CVD risk among patients 18 years and above by using recent longitudinal and intervention data. It was conducted using systematic searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that thoroughly searched peer-reviewed research published within the years 2021 to 2026. A selection of 38 studies that include more than 2.4 million individuals of different geographic areas was completed following the PRISMA 2020 standards. Moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is inversely correlated with the incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, and heart failure; results of prospective cohorts demonstrate a strong negative relationship. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) also demonstrate (particularly when combined with aerobic and resistance training) substantial improvements in cardiovascular indicators, including blood pressure and lipid profiles. Also, recent studies indicate that despite the total exercise amounts, sedentary behaviour is a distinctive risk factor of cardiovascular events. The findings show that large amounts of reduction in the risk occur at lower levels than the contemporary global recommendations, although greater amounts of activity provide maximum coverage. In order to reduce the global impact of cardiovascular disease, reduction in inactive time and encouragement of organised exercise should take a high priority in the public health framework.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DETERMINANTS OF SELF-MEDICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC MISUSE IN LOW- AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Self-medication with antibiotics remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where it contributes to inappropriate antibiotic use and the growing burden of antimicrobial resistance. This systematic review examined the prevalence and determinants of antibiotic self-medication in LMICs by synthesising evidence from studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review was reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidance. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using combinations of terms relating to antibiotic self-medication, misuse, determinants, predictors, developing countries and sub-Saharan Africa. Of 50 records identified, 45 remained after duplicate removal, 27 full-text articles were assessed and 20 studies met the eligibility criteria for narrative synthesis. The evidence showed that antibiotic self-medication is common but highly variable across settings, with particularly high estimates reported in several sub-Saharan African populations. The major determinants clustered around behavioural, sociodemographic and health-system factors. Behavioural influences included previous successful antibiotic use, perceiving an illness as minor, confidence in personal knowledge, advice from relatives or peers and the reuse of leftover medicines. Sociodemographic influences included education, income, age, residence and health-insurance status, although their effects were not uniform across settings. Health-system drivers included treatment costs, distance to facilities, long waiting times, poor experiences with health workers, easy access to antibiotics from drug outlets and weak enforcement of prescription regulations. The review concludes that antibiotic self-medication in LMICs is produced by an interaction between individual decision-making and structural barriers to appropriate care. Stronger regulation of antibiotic sales, improved access to affordable and responsive healthcare, community-centred antimicrobial-resistance education and better antibiotic stewardship are required to reduce the practice.
Sociological Assessment of Dietary Influences on Gut-Brain Pathways
Section: Articles Keywords: Array The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional pathway between the GIT and the central nervous system, in which diet plays an essential role as a regulatory factor. The present study offers an sociological overview of the dietary features involved in gut brain axis elucidating how social organisation, culture, economy and food environment effect on diet patterns, composition o gut microbiota and consequent mental health related responses. A mixed methods design was used, informed by the Social Determinants of Health framework and biopychosocial Model. Methods We conducted a survey on 400 adults capturing socio-economic stratification in three Nigerian states, followed by qualitative interviews of 40 participants and stool sample analysis from 100 randomly selected individuals to assess gut microbiota composition. Results indicated robust associations between dietary patterns and mental health status. Dietary patterns associated with lower anxiety and depression were plant based, wholefoods, high carbohydrate intake, and dietary fiber. The top three predictors of diet quality and mental health were socioeconomic status, food insecurity and cultural food practices. The gut microbiota analysis was found to be less diverse in individuals consuming a Western style processed diet than in those with traditional unprocessed diets. Explicit consideration of the social contexts in which eating is situated is essential for understanding diet gut brain pathways, the research confirms. Methods A series of studies were conducted to assess the relationships between dietary quality and anxiety: Air quality measures using independent samples t tests and ANOVA indicated that responsibility margin, quartile 4 was negatively predicted by degree of classification (t= 5.23) p <. 1], and depression (t = −4.87, p <. and stress (negative correlation, t = -4.56, p <. 001), and gut microbiota diversity was significantly associated with mental health outcomes (F = 6.78, p =. 001). Our recommendations include culturally pertinent nutrition education and policy efforts to improve food affordability and availability price, provision of nutrition counseling as part of psychosocial mental health counesling care, and community based provocations dealing with structural social determinantslyry dukption dietary behavior.
Green Finance as a Strategic Tool For Environmental Compliance and Sustainable Competitiveness
Section: Articles Keywords: Array In this paper, the relation between green finance and environmental compliance and sustainable competitiveness of firms is explored. The study was triggered by a high level of interest among firms to meet environmental requirements, while maintaining competitiveness in a market increasingly driven by the climate risk agenda and responsible investment and stakeholder pressure. The paper was based on the NRBV which centres around the notion that pollution prevention, product stewardship and sustainable development capabilities can turn into a source of firm advantage. The study was designed as a documentary and systematic literature review, focusing on empirical and/or policy studies published primarily from 2019 to 2026. The focus was on green finance instruments like green bonds, sustainability linked loans, green credit lines, ESG equity funds, carbon credits and green guarantees. A narrative synthesis and a simple percentage analysis were used for analysing evidence from the literature reviewed. It was found that green finance promotes environmental compliance by providing funding for environmental compliance technologies, pollution monitoring, environmental certification, disclosure systems and regulatory reporting. The results also indicated that green finance contributes to sustainable competitiveness through the reduction of financing constraint, increased green innovation, boosted reputation, increased efficiency and improved access to sustainability sensitive markets. The high transaction cost, poor disclosure capacity, however, is the major constraint, as is also the risk of greenwashing and restricted access to smaller companies. The paper has found that green finance is not only a funding tool, but also a strategic governance instrument connecting environmental compliance and longer-term competitiveness. It called for more regulatory convergence, building green finance capacities at the firm level and credible assessment of the outcomes of green finance.
Green Finance and ESG Strategy Under Environmental Governance Systems: A Bibliometric and Systematic Review (2015–2026)
Section: Articles Keywords: Array In this study, literature review was conducted using the method of bibliometric and systematic review, which covered the period of 2015-2026. The study focused on the Stakeholder Theory, Institutional Theory and the Natural Resource-Based View Theory which explains the growing inclusion of sustainability issues in corporate governance and financial systems. The bibliometric data obtained from the Dimensions database was used for analysis in VOSviewer and Biblioshiny to look for publication trends and the field's intellectual structure. The results showed that there is a significant increase in research related to sustainability, especially since 2020, due to the rise in focus on ESG disclosure, climate finance and environmental responsibility globally. The research also identified thematic clusters as the most important ones concerning green finance, integration of ESG principles, environmental governance, corporate sustainability and green innovation. Overall, the results showed that the study of sustainability governance is a developing and growing interdisciplinary field, with growing scholarly and policy relevance.
Prevalence of malaria parasitemia among patients attending Uke General Hospital, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Malaria persists as major public health concern in Nigeria. Malaria, an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes, is caused by plasmodium protist. Nigeria accounts for 27% of the global malaria burden and 32% of malaria deaths globally (FRN, 2022). Malaria poses a risk of about 97% to the Nigerian population and contributes about 11% of maternal mortality. This study sought to establish the prevalence of malaria parasitemia among patients attending Uke General Hospital, Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. the study was structured around three key objectives: To determine the malaria prevention practices among the patients visiting the hospital, to identify some socio-cultural factors that can be included in the education of people for effective control programme and to compare the prevalence of malaria parasite infection caused by plasmodium falciparum among patients attending Uke General Hospital Karu Local Government Nasarawa State. A quantitative research design was adopted, Using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) kits, 120 patients of different ages and genders were screened for malaria. Analysis of collected Capillary blood samples showed that 65 individuals were positive, giving prevalence rate of 54.2%. Children aged 1-10years showed the highest prevalence, and males were generally more affected than females. Although light microscopy is regarded as the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, RDTs were used in this study due to their speed, ease of use, and availability in the hospital setting. These findings demonstrate the ongoing burden of malaria in the study area and the need to reinforce prevention and control strategies. There should be intensive public awareness campaigns on malaria transmission, symptoms, prevention, and the importance of seeking timely treatment. These campaigns should be targeted especially at the uneducated population through the use of local languages and visual aids.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Igba, P (Author); Prof. Ehinmidu, J.O. (Translator); Salisu Rukayyat (Author); Dr. Hassan, S.C. (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adoption of Open Journal Systems (OJS) Among Nigerian Academics (TAM-Based)
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study examined the adoption of Open Journal Systems (OJS) among Nigerian academics using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as its theoretical framework. The specific objectives were to assess the extent of Open Journal Systems (OJS) adoption among Nigerian academics and identify key demographic and institutional factors influencing uptake, to examine the influence of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of core constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) on Nigerian academics' intentions to adopt OJS, and to explore barriers and facilitators to OJS adoption in Nigerian universities and propose strategies for enhancing technology integration in scholarly publishing. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected from 200 academic staff members across federal, state, and private universities in Nigeria using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, One-Way ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicate that the level of OJS adoption among Nigerian academics is moderate to low, with higher adoption observed in federal universities compared to state and private institutions. The results further show that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use significantly influence behavioral intention to adopt OJS, with perceived usefulness emerging as the stronger predictor. Regression results indicated that infrastructural and institutional barriers such as poor internet connectivity and inadequate technical support negatively affect adoption, while training opportunities and funding significantly enhance it. The study concludes that the adoption of OJS in Nigerian universities is shaped by both individual perceptions and institutional conditions. It recommends improved ICT infrastructure, continuous staff training, increased funding, and supportive institutional policies to enhance the effective adoption and utilization of OJS in Nigerian academia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wazhi Mantim, Yang Elizabeth Samuel, Khelpai Suwaiga, Agyawal Fatty Bitrus, Ukos Samaila, Dagwai Zemyen Clementina, Rufus Nsine Mfon, Davou Michael Pam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN NIGERIA’S “JAPA” ERA
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study, investigated employee retention in Nigeria’s current “Japa” era through an exploration of how organizations make sense of the phenomenon, the evolving strategies they use to adapt; and how prevailing operationalization on employee retention implications derive from these. Using a qualitative research design, data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with thirty human resource practitioners and organizational leaders from various sectors. Data were analysed with an inductive thematic analysis of the participant’s experiences using Nvivo software, directly enabling themes to emerge. According to the findings, the “Japa” phenomenon is widely regarded as a systemic and inevitable situation that is being fueled by macroeconomic turbulence, international labour demand and socio-political realities. Such changes have caused a change in employee perception of the same, with reduced long-term organizational commitment and a growing inclination towards global mobility. As a result, organizations are leveraging flexible and tailored retention strategies to help guide talent through personalized work offers, career advancement opportunities, and flexibility in the workplace. But simply tabling up the money to compensate employees for office work did not prove effective. The research also shows that retention is becoming a more temporary and fluid outcome, with organizations concentrating on postponing not halting exit. The authors find the limitations of traditional retention models insufficient to explain employee behaviour in this context, and argue for a reconceptualization of retention as a dynamic process influenced by external forces. The theoretical contribution of the findings lies in contextualized human resource insights that inform adaptive human resource strategies in emerging economies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dagwai Zemyen Clementina, Rufus Nsine Mfon, Wazhi Mantim, Yang Elizabeth, Khelpai Suwaiga, Agyawal Fatty Bitrus, Ukos Samaila (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gamification Effects on Student Engagement in FCT Abuja Primary Schools
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study examined the effect of gamification on student engagement in primary schools in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. The study was guided by three objectives: to assess the level of student engagement in traditional classroom settings, to determine the effect of gamified instructional strategies on engagement, and to examine the moderating role of demographic variables such as gender and class level. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, with a sample of 100 respondents comprising 70 pupils and 30 teachers selected from primary schools in the study area. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, correlation, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that student engagement in traditional, non-gamified lessons is significantly low, with pupils exhibiting limited participation, low motivation, and reduced interest in classroom activities. However, the introduction of gamified instructional strategies significantly improved engagement, as pupils exposed to game-like elements demonstrated higher levels of attention, participation, and effort compared to their counterparts. The results further showed a strong positive relationship between gamification and student engagement. In addition, class level was found to significantly influence engagement, with older pupils responding more positively to gamified instruction, while gender had no significant effect. The study concludes that gamification is an effective and practical approach for enhancing student engagement in Nigerian primary schools. It is recommended that teachers and educational stakeholders integrate gamified strategies into classroom practices to improve learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 ATTAH Emmanuel Ojoma, PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION IN JOS NORTH AND SOUTH, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA: A QUALITATIVE REVIEW AND EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Maternal and child health (MCH) is a key public health issue in Nigeria, and Plateau State shows very low levels of MCH service utilization. In this review, we took stock of MCH utilization, determinants and perceptions in Jos North/South Local Government Areas (LGAs) as at 2019–2026. Using a qualitative review methodology, the study consolidates evidence derived from academic databases namely PubMed, ScienceDirect and ResearchGate along with reports published by World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. The study findings demonstrated that although the perception on overall quality of antenatal care (ANC) in tertiary facilities like the Plateau State Specialist Hospital was generally positive, it still differed widely among rural and peri-urban communities. The main barriers to use were socio-economic factors, cultural beliefs in favour of traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and systemic barriers, such as poor primary health care (PHC) infrastructure. On the other hand, health education and community-based interventions such as the ANRiN project are essential enablers. In the paper, we conclude that overcoming demand-side cultural barriers and improving facility availability is required to achieve universal health coverage in Jos.
Copyright (c) 2026 EIJRIHS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF HYGIENE PRACTICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONDITIONS AMONG ABATTOIR WORKERS IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study assessed hygiene practices and environmental sanitation conditions among abattoir workers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 workers selected from four major abattoirs; Karu, Gwagwalada, Dei-Dei, and Kuje, between January and March 2025. Data were collected using a structured Likert-scale questionnaire and analysed using SPSS version 27. Descriptive statistics summarized hygiene practices and sanitation conditions, Pearson's correlation examined relationships among hygiene behaviours, and one-sample t-tests compared sanitation indicators against the adequacy threshold of 3.0. Results revealed strong positive correlations among handwashing, PPE use, tool cleaning, and post-shift bathing (r = 0.80–0.92, p < 0.001), indicating that hygiene behaviours cluster together among conscientious workers. However, environmental sanitation conditions were uniformly substandard. Mean scores for access to clean water (M = 2.24), waste disposal systems (M = 2.55), facility cleanliness (M = 2.65), and functional toilet facilities (M = 2.40) all fell significantly below acceptable levels (p < 0.01). Workers identified infrastructural deficits, infrequent regulatory inspections, and limited access to protective equipment as primary barriers. Notably, self-rated knowledge met acceptable levels (M = 3.00, p = 1.000), indicating that sanitation deficits stem from structural and institutional failures rather than worker ignorance. The study concludes that improving abattoir sanitation in the FCT requires urgent infrastructural investment, strengthened regulatory oversight, and provision of free protective equipment. Responsibility lies primarily with institutional stakeholders to create environments where workers' adequate knowledge can translate into consistent safe practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogbonna Kate, Anasin Haruna, Beyioku Marie Damilola, Salau Joseph (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Analysis Of The Plausibility Of Miracles in Contemporary Nigeria Based on C. Lewis’ Philosophy of Miracles
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This study critically examines the plausibility of miracles within contemporary Nigeria through the philosophical framework of C. S. Lewis. While Nigeria remains a deeply religious society with widespread claims of miraculous interventions, these claims often oscillate between authentic religious experience and manipulative religious practices. Drawing on Lewis’ distinction between naturalism and supernaturalism, this paper interrogates whether belief in miracles is philosophically defensible within a modern African context shaped by scientific rationality and socio-religious dynamics. Using philosophical analysis and qualitative interviews, the study argues that Lewis’ conception of miracles as divine interruptions of natural laws provides a coherent framework for evaluating miracle claims. However, the Nigerian context introduces complexities such as commercialization of religion and epistemic challenges. The study concludes that while miracles remain philosophically plausible, critical discernment is necessary to distinguish genuine occurrences from socio-religious constructions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Utazi Benignus Zereuwa Prince (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Logistics Infrastructure in Enhancing Supply Chain Performance: Evidence From Urban and Rural Regions
Section: Articles Keywords: Array This paper examines the role of logistics infrastructure in enhancing the supply chain performance by making a comparative study between the city and rural areas. The overall objective of the research is to evaluate the infrastructure logistics variations on the efficiency, resilience and overall supply chain performance in these two environments, in a qualitative research approach, by discussing secondary sources of literature such as scholarly articles, institutional reports and world logistics databases. A thematic analytical approach (Rodrigue, 2020; OECD, 2021) was used to identify patterns and correlations between the performance of infrastructure and indicators of the supply chain, such as the timeliness of delivery, cost efficiency, flexibility and resilience. In the results, there is a considerable gap between city and rural areas in the logistics infrastructure, and supply chain performance. The urban areas had scores of around 85-92% in most of the indicators, such as connectivity, availability of warehouses and digitalized logistics systems, whereas the rural areas had lower scores of 35-55%. The urban areas were much higher on the supply chain performance measures such as delivery timeliness (90%) and customer satisfaction (92%), as compared to the rural areas (60% and 62% respectively). Moreover, destinations with high logistics infrastructure were more resilient with the recovery rates of disruption up to 88% and 52% in destinations with weak infrastructure. The study is thus, it is concluded that, the performance and resilience of the supply chain is influenced by the key factor is Logistics Infrastructure. However, the infrastructural disparity between urban and rural areas is a serious challenge to the even economic development. The key to achieving better efficiency and competitiveness of the supply chain in all regions is bridging this gap with specific investments, digitalizing, and policy interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babatunde Olusola ADETONA, PhD. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Procurement Transparency and its Impact on Sustainable Supply Chain Performance in Developing Economies
Section: Articles Keywords: Array Transparency in procurement has become one of the most important factors for success of sustainable supply chains, especially in institutional and infrastructural contexts of developing economies. This paper explores conceptual, theoretical and empirical relationships between transparency in procurement processes and the three dimensions of sustainable supply chain performance (economic, environmental and social) as defined by the triple bottom line approach. The study is based on a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, multilateral institutional reports, and comparison of country-level performance data from 2020 to 2026, and is based on the institutional theory, stakeholder theory and the triple bottom line framework to help explain how transparency reforms influence supply chain outcomes. The analysis shows that, at each of the three sustainability dimensions, the higher transparency procurement environments outperform the lower transparency ones in the developing economy, with differences between the two of 28 to 43 percentage points on selected indicators. The paper also highlights the most significant obstacles to procurement transparency in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas of the world (such as systemic corruption, institutional capacity, digital infrastructure and political economy constraints) and assesses the effectiveness of the various mechanisms and tools that facilitate transparency (such as e-procurement platforms, open contracting data standards, blockchain based traceability, mandatory ESG supplier disclosure). The results confirm that institutionally anchored reform packages with integrated elements of sustainable supply chain performance provide the highest expected impact on sustainable supply chain performance, but also highlight that without sufficient enforcement power and stakeholder oversight, formal disclosure requirements can generate decoupled rather than real change. Policy-relevant recommendations are presented at the end of the paper for governments, development finance institutions, the private sector and international organisations in developing economy supply chain contexts.
Geospatial and Socioeconomic Inequities in the Continuum of Maternal and Child Preventive Care Utilization Among Women of Childbearing Age in Low- And Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review of Multilevel Analysis Studies.
Section: Articles Keywords: Array One of the biggest public health challenges in Resource limited settings is maternal and child mortality, which is highly concentrated among certain populations living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even if the continuum of care (CoC) continues to be differentiated in how it is applied, and that remains one of the main barriers, the CoC claims itself as to be perceived as "the most fundamental approach that has or will strongly affect survival". This systematic review summarises evidence on the multilevel analytic studies of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in the utilisation of maternal and child preventive care which are found in women of reproductive age. Methods We conducted a search of the literature published between 2020 and 2026 on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and WHO Global Index Medicus. Inclusion criteria: Studies with the observational design (cross-sectional or longitudinal) and multilevel/hierarchical modelling of individual and community-level predictors of MCH. A preselection of the study followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, quality was assessed (without interaction with other research domains), prioritising data from clustered research. Only 43 studies fulfilling the qualifying criteria included approximately 1.9 million people in 34 countries. There were consistent social gradients across the evidence, with mother education and household wealth showing strong correlations with service uptake. However, the community-level variables- proximity of the facility to community and area-level poverty density-were independent risk factors that explained up to 35% of the variation in care completion. The distance-decay patterns were more pronounced with the transitions between birth and the postnatal period especially when geospatial disparities were quite evident. Results show that community environment and completion of the continuum of care were connected. As improvement across the core of community infrastructure leads to increased service use as measured, trends favour urban residents and high-literacy groups. Interventions should speak to geospatial distance as an unambiguous proxy for personal socio-economic status. The public health content should focus on the structural and community level barriers to participation in strengthening the regional health system.